статья о "позитивном наказании"
в двух словах: антоним слова "поощрение" не "наказание", а "отсутствие поощрения"
"Punishment and Your Dog
By Marty Guerra and Susan Clark
Positive Reinforcement and Negative Punishment are our primary dog training tools. They are effective and humane tools. However, Positive Punishment as a dog training tool must also be addressed. Now, keep in mind when we use the terms "positive" and "negative" that they are not meant as Ôgood" or "bad." They are used in a mathematical sense of add and subtract, or remove
First, let us ask you, "What is the opposite of reward?" Common answers are "punishment" and "discipline." However, the correct answer is "no reward." The common answers highlight the confusion over punishment. When asked to define "punishment" the following answers frequently appear: "It means to hit my dog," or "To give my dog a spanking," or "To discipline my dog." Punishment is NOT "retribution," physically abusing your dog, or "showing the dog whoÕs the boss." Punishment IS another basic principle of Operant Conditioning.
More specifically, Positive Punishment means adding something to the dogÕs environment that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. For example, if every time you were speeding in your car you immediately received an electric shock, that would be positive punishment and it is likely that you would reduce your speeding behavior.
In dog training, punishment is exemplified in leash corrections, verbal reprimands, squirt bottles, penny cans, shock collars, "bopper-sticks," throw chains, etc. The forms of punishment are broad. Physical pain is not the only type of positive punishment that may be administered. Any unpleasant stimulus or unpleasant addition to the environment can constitute positive punishment. For example, if you are terrified of rats, the addition of a rat to your immediate environment would constitute positive punishment. Or, if each time you reached for the cookie jar a bucket of water was dumped over your head that would probably suppress your cookie-getting behavior. While the water would not be painful, it would be sufficiently unpleasant to constitute positive punishment.
Along these lines, our training programs recommend that any positive punishment used on your pet should never be painful. There are more humane ways to positively punish your dog when the need arises. The two ways recommended are (1) spraying with a squirt gun or, (2) shaking a penny can. The squirt gun is best in a multi-pet household as it can be accurately directed at one animal (avoiding the eyes). The penny can (a soda can with some pennies inside and the top taped closed) may be used in a single pet household since other animals wonÕt be impacted by the racket made when the can is shaken.
To use the squirt gun you will pair the word "No" or "Ah Ah" with the squirt. The word will be associated with punishment coming and will result in the same interruption of unwanted behavior in the future. So, say "No" or "Ah Ah" then squirt the dog. You must only squirt the dog while it is engaged in the unwanted activity you are trying to suppress. Do not punish too late or you risk punishing the dog for ceasing the undesired behavior! Also, you must try to only squirt the dog when s/he is not looking at you. The unpleasant stimulus should be associated with the unwanted activity the dog is engaged in, not your presence. For some dogs, the addition of a few drops of citronella oil added to the water may be needed to make the squirt gun sufficiently unpleasant.
Once you have squirted the dog and s/he has temporarily ceased whatever activity s/he was engaged in, you must give the dog some acceptable activity s/he can do. For example, if your dog is barking you can squirt the dog mid-bark, making sure the dog isnÕt looking at you. The instance the dog ceases barking, tell the dog to sit, praising the dog well for performing the requested behavior, or engage the dog in an acceptable game, or take the dog for a walk (since boredom may be the cause of the barking anyway).
If you use the penny can, say "No" or "Ah Ah" and shake the can while the dog is engaged in the unwanted activity. The instant the dog ceases the unwanted behavior, stop shaking the can. Stopping the unwanted behavior makes the unpleasant sound go away. As above, once the dog has stopped the undesired behavior, give the dog something s/he can do that will earn praise and reward. The purpose here is to build up desirable behaviors and suppress undesirable behaviors.
Will punishment be an effective dog training tool for you? That depends. Physical punishment only suppresses behavior and is random in its success; some dogs will be responsive to punishment and others will not, and you wonÕt know until you try. Many practitioners of positive punishment dog training methods will tell you of their multiple successes, however you may not hear of the multiple failures they have experienced as well. Nor will you hear of the "fall-out" that occurs from such training methods, including defensive and/or fear-biting, aversion to the owner, aggression, etc. Beware. Far more common is the ownerÕs experience that when the threat of punishment is removed the unwanted behavior returns.
To be effective, punishment must be: (1) sufficiently aversive (this will vary from dog to dog); (2) immediate; (3) delivered with every occurrence of the undesired behavior; and (4) followed by positively reinforcing a desired behavior. LetÕs address these a little further.
To be effective, punishment must be substantial enough to get the dogÕs attention. For example, if gently shaking the penny can is ineffective, rattle it hard next time. If plain water doesnÕt faze your dog, add a few drops of citronella oil to the water or get a bigger squirt gun. To be effective, punishment must be delivered while the undesired behavior is occurring- not after the dog has stopped. Your timing is critical. If you have poor timing do not use positive punishment.
To be effective, punishment must occur each and every time the unwanted behavior occurs. Sporadic punishment will not communicate to the dog what the unwanted behavior is, it will simply be abusive. For example, if during commercial breaks chewing on the coffee table is punished, but the rest of the time it is not punished (and, in fact, is rewarding because it entertains the dog), the dog will not understand what behavior is being punished.
To be effective, punishment must be followed by showing the dog what behavior it can perform that will be rewarded. When you suppress a behavior you create a behavioral void. You must fill that void with a desired behavior and reinforce it frequently. The dog learns that if s/he does behavior "A" s/he will be punished, but if s/he does behavior "B" s/he will be rewarded. With enough reinforcement of desired behavior "B" that behavior will replace undesired behavior "A." Too often the trainer focuses on what the dog does wrong and not on what the dog does right or what the trainer would prefer the dog do. The dog must be taught what behavior it CAN do that will not be punished.
Harsh and abusive positive punishments have drawbacks. While some dogs are malleable to being forced and punished, many are not and may suffer irreparable physical and mental damage. Aversion or fear of the punisher (you) may result. Or, the dog may become fearful of something else that was present in the environment when the punishment was administered. For example, a dog punished for barking while standing next to a chair may become frightened of the chair rather than associating barking with the punishment. Or, in suppressing a behavior you may unwittingly cause the dog to develop another behavior or make worse the behavior you are trying to suppress. Furthermore, you should never use punishment on any fear-based behaviors or aggression problems. You will make them worse. The bottom line is to avoid it.
For these reasons, positive punishment should be your last resort. Instead, make every effort to train your dog using classical conditioning, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, extinction and good, realistic, management. In other words, use methods that will do no harm and do not risk making an existing problem worse or destroying your relationship and your dogÕs trust.
оригинал: http://www.dogmanners.com/punishment.html
Отредактировано Аня+Leeloo (21.11.2008 11:00:37)
. Эффективен будет, наверное, грозный рык хозяина, хват за шкирку и бросок с размаху в противоположный угол комнаты 
Думается, после этого щенок больше не захочет кусаться. А также не захочет подходить к хозяину - это точно! 
А в домой - в Питер мы не раньше НГ праздников поедем... Представляете, какие концерты мы слушаем по дороге Кострома-СПб (12-14ч) 
лизнула свое отражение. Затем, вдруг вскакивает ко мне на диван и давай моё лицо облизывать. Приступ нежности! Думаю, к чему бы это? 
Наверное, любит меня так сильно! 
Встаю с дивана, иду к зеркалу, а там.... огромная лужища!!!! 
А я, дура, думала-это любовь 
Нас очень тронуло! Всё именно так! 
точно так! к сожалению 
Видели бы вы выражение лица мужа, а еще лучше, когда мы приоткрываем окна (Лоня вообще это обожает) и "распеваем" с ним разные песни - в пробке народ ржет в голос!!!! 
тапком по заднице!
Сейчас стоит вопрос о приобретении бигля. 
) А как с этим у биглей?
